Nutrition and Sjögren’s disease

Sjögren’s disease is an autoimmune condition that most often affects the glands that produce saliva and tears, leading to persistent dry mouth and eyes. But the impact of Sjögren’s goes beyond the moisture-producing glands. It can affect digestion, nutrient absorption, energy levels, inflammation, and overall quality of life. That is why nutrition, although not a cure, plays an important role in managing symptoms and supporting wellbeing.

1. Sjögren’s and Nutritional Challenges

Dry mouth (xerostomia) and difficulty chewing or swallowing can make eating uncomfortable. This often leads to avoidance of certain foods, such as raw vegetables, fibrous foods, or dry textures, which can limit variety and increase the risk of inadequate nutrient intake. Some research suggests that people with Sjögren’s have altered nutrient intake when compared to others, including lower intake of beneficial fats like omega-3s and antioxidant vitamins.

Additionally, Sjögren’s is associated with other digestive issues such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) which can further influence food choices and comfort.

2. Nutrition and Inflammation

Autoimmune diseases like Sjögren’s involve chronic inflammation. While diet alone does not stop the underlying immune process, certain nutrients and dietary patterns are known to influence inflammation. For example:

• Omega-3 fatty acids, found in oily fish, flax and chia seeds, are associated with anti-inflammatory effects and may support tear and salivary gland function. (sjogrens.org)
• Vitamin E and other antioxidants, abundant in nuts, seeds, and colourful vegetables, help neutralise oxidative stress which often accompanies chronic inflammatory conditions. (sjogrens.org)

Some studies also suggest that overall dietary patterns rich in whole foods, polyunsaturated fats, and phytochemicals, such as a Mediterranean-style diet, may be linked with less severe ocular dryness in people with Sjögren’s. (mdpi.com)

 3. What Research Says About Dietary Interventions

Large, high-quality clinical trials specifically in Sjögren’s are limited. However, a recent systematic review found that dietary interventions and specific nutrients may influence symptoms, such as salivary flow and dryness, though results are mixed and more research is needed before formal guidelines can be established. (mdpi.com)

Some human studies investigated whole-food plant-based diets, gluten-free diets, high-fat versus low-fat patterns, vitamin or mineral supplements, and liquid diets with varying outcomes. While none conclusively “cure” Sjögren’s symptoms, several showed potential for improvement in dryness or quality of life measures.

One small case series even reported symptom improvement when adopting a whole, plant-rich nutrition protocol emphasizing leafy greens, omega-3s, and hydration, though evidence from larger studies is still needed.

4. Practical Nutrition Tips for People with Sjögren’s

While personalised advice from a dietitian or healthcare provider is best, the following general strategies may help:

• Prioritise hydration with water, ice chips, and moist meals to help combat dry mouth.
• Include anti-inflammatory fats such as oily fish, flaxseed, chia seed, or walnuts.
• Choose antioxidant-rich foods including colourful vegetables and fruits.
• Listen to your body as some foods may worsen reflux or discomfort; keeping a food diary can help identify triggers.
• Work with professionals as GERD or digestive issues are common; referral to a dietitian can help balance comfort with sufficient energy and nutrients.

Summary

Nutrition is not a replacement for medical management, but it is an important part of symptom management and overall wellbeing for people with Sjögren’s disease. A balanced dietary pattern, especially one that emphasises anti-inflammatory components and nutrient density, can support comfort and quality of life while research continues to evolve.